Tiny glands in your ear make substances that combine with dead skin cells to form earwax. Earwax helps protect your ear canal from water, dirt, infection, and injury. Over time, earwax travels from the inner part of your ear canal to the entrance of the canal. Then it falls away naturally. But in some cases, it can’t travel to the entrance of the canal. This may be because of a health condition or objects put in the ear. With age, earwax tends to become harder and less fluid. Older adults are more likely to have problems with earwax buildup.

Earwax can build up because of many health conditions. Some cause a physical blockage. Others cause too much earwax to be made. Health conditions that can cause earwax buildup include:

• Use of cotton swabs to clean deep in the ear canal

• Bony blockage in the ear (osteoma or exostoses)

• Infections, such as  infection of the outer ear (external otitis)

• Skin disease, such as eczema

• Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus

• A narrowed ear canal from birth, chronic inflammation, or injury

• Too much earwax because of injury

• Too much earwax because of  water in the ear canal

Objects repeatedly placed in the ear can also cause impacted earwax. For example, putting cotton swabs in the ear may push the wax deeper into the ear. Over time, this may cause blockage. Hearing aids, swimming plugs, and swim molds can cause the same problem when used again and again.

In some cases, the cause of impacted earwax is not known.

Excess earwax usually does not cause any symptoms, unless there is a large amount of buildup. Then it may cause symptoms such as:

• Hearing loss

• Earache

• Sense of ear fullness

• Itching in the ear

• Odor from the ear

• Ear drainage

• Dizziness

• Ringing in the ears

• Cough

If you don’t have symptoms, you may not need treatment. Often, the earwax goes away on its own with time. If you have symptoms, you may have one or more treatments such as:

• Eardrops to soften the earwax. This helps it leave the ear over time.

• Rinsing (irrigation) of the ear canal with water. This is done in a doctor’s office.

• Removal of the earwax with small tools. This is also done in a doctor’s office.

In rare cases, some treatments for earwax removal may cause complications such as:

• Infection of the outer ear (otitis external)

• Earache

• Short-term hearing loss

• Dizziness

• Water trapped in the ear canal

• Hole in the eardrum

• Ringing in the ears

• Bleeding from the ear

Talk with your healthcare provider about which risks apply most to you.

Healthcare providers do not advise use of ear candles or ear vacuum kits. These methods are not shown to work and may cause problems.

You may not be able to prevent impacted earwax if you have a health condition that causes it, such as eczema. In other cases, you may be able to prevent earwax buildup by:

• Using ear drops once a week

• Having routine cleaning of the ear about every 6 months

• Not using cotton swabs in the ear

Call your healthcare provider if you have symptoms of impacted earwax. Also call right away if you have severe symptoms after earwax removal. These may include bleeding or severe ear pain.