One common cause of these problems is repeated extension of the spine (bending backward). Children who do activities that need spine extension (such as gymnastics, diving, and dance) are more likely to get these problems than other children. Other activities that may increase a child’s risk include weightlifting. Some ball sports, such as football and soccer, may also make the problems more likely.

These problems almost always happen in the low back. A child can have either problem and have no symptoms. Or, he or she can have back soreness, back pain, or muscle spasms in the back. The pain can sometimes travel into the thighs and buttocks.

The healthcare provider will ask about the child’s activities and medical history. An X-ray (test that creates images of bones) is usually the only test that is needed. The problem often can be seen on an X-ray. In certain cases, other imaging tests (such as an MRI or a CT scan) may be done to get more information about your child’s spine.

These problems can’t be cured, but often stop causing problems in time. In the meantime, your child’s symptoms can be treated.

• Medicines. To help reduce back pain and swelling, medicines may be prescribed. These are usually NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines). These medicines include ibuprofen and naproxen. They may be over-the-counter or prescription. Your healthcare provider will tell you what types and dosage are best for your child. Give these medicines to your child only as prescribed. 

• Physical therapy. Stretching and strengthening the muscles around the spine and in the legs can help relieve symptoms due to these conditions. Your healthcare provider may refer your child to a physical therapist (PT) for a course of physical therapy and exercises.

• Resting the back. This means stopping any activity that stresses the back. Once your child stops having symptoms, he or she can usually go back to a normal activity level. If a child continues to have symptoms, a small reduction in activity may help.

• Bracing. Your child may be fitted with a brace to wear for a few weeks to months. This brace takes stress off the spine, allowing symptoms to resolve.

• Surgery. If spondylolisthesis is severe or can’t be treated with nonsurgical means, surgery may be done. During surgery, the slipping vertebra is fused to the vertebra below it to prevent further movement.

Once symptoms have been treated, spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis rarely cause further problems. But a child with these conditions should be checked regularly by the healthcare provider as he or she grows to be sure further problems don’t develop.