When Your Child Has Osteomyelitis

Your child has been diagnosed with osteomyelitis. This is an infection of a bone by a germ (bacteria or fungus). In children, infection in the long bones of the arms and legs are most common. Your child may be referred to an orthopedist (specialist in bone and joint problems) or an infectious disease specialist (specialist in infections)  for evaluation and treatment.

What causes osteomyelitis?

Germs such as bacteria and fungi can cause osteomyelitis. The most common type of bacteria that causes osteomyelitis is called Staphylococcus aureus or staph. The bacteria and fungi can enter the body through:

• Infected wounds or joints

• Infections that spread from another part of the body

• Broken bones that break through the skin

• Foreign object that breaks the skin

Those at higher risk for bone infection include children:

• With no spleen

• Who are on dialysis

• With sickle cell disease

• Being treated with immunosuppressive drugs (such as chemotherapy)

• Who have diabetes

But any child can develop this infection. In some cases, the cause of the infection is never known.

What are the signs and symptoms of osteomyelitis?

If your child has any of these signs or symptoms, get medical help right away.

• Fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher, or as directed by your child's healthcare provider

• Pain in the bone

• Swelling of the arms or legs

• Redness or warmth of the skin on the arms or legs

• Pus draining from the skin

• Not letting the arms or legs be touched

• Not using the arms or legs (limb unable to hold weight)

How is osteomyelitis diagnosed?

If your doctor thinks your child may have osteomyelitis, these tests may be done:

• X-ray of the area to look for infection

• Blood tests to confirm infection and determine the germ causing the infection

• Imaging tests such as a bone scan, CT scan, MRI, or ultrasound

• Biopsy (procedure to take a sample of bone) to find the germ causing the infection

How is osteomyelitis treated?

At first, treatment usually takes place in the hospital. The treatment may include:

• Antibiotic or antifungal medicines intravenously (IV) or oral

• Pain medicine

• Surgery to clean out infected area in and around the bone

Your child may be given antibiotics for 4 to 6 weeks. This can be done using a PICC line (peripherally introduced central catheter) at home. In other cases, your child may be able to transition to oral antibiotics depending on how your child has responded and the specific germ causing the infection.

Long-term concerns

Most children recover completely. Although rare, complications can occur. They include:

• Blood clots

• Growth problems

• Abnormally shaped bones

• Fractures

• Joint stiffness

• Death of bone tissue