Related Terms

• Bottle brush, cola de caballo (Spanish), common horsetail, common scouring rush, corn horsetail, corncob plant, couring rush, Dutch rush, Equisetaceae (family), Equisetum arvense, Equisetum myriochaetum, Equisetum ramosissimum, Equisetum telmateia, field horsetail, Herba Equiseti Hiemalis, hippuric acid, homovanillic acid, horse willow, horsetail grass, horsetail rush, mokuzoku (Japanese), mokchok, mokjeok (Korean), muzei (E. hymale), paddock pipes, pewterwort, prele, pribes des champs, running clubmoss, Schachtelhalm (German), scouring rush, shave grass, shenjincao (Chinese), toadpipe, Wenjing, Zinnkraut (German).

• Crude drugs derived from Equisetum arvense include Wenjing, Jiejiecao, and Bitoucai.

• Note: Equisetum arvense should not be confused with members of the genus Laminaria, kelp, or brown alga, for which "horsetail" has been used as a synonym.

Background

• Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) has traditionally been used in Europe as a diuretic for the treatment of edema (swelling/fluid retention). The German Commission E expert panel has approved horsetail for this indication. Horsetail is also occasionally used for osteoporosis, nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), urinary tract inflammation, and wound healing (topical). It is also used in cosmetics and shampoos. These uses have largely been based on anecdote and clinical tradition, rather than scientific evidence.

• There is preliminary human evidence supporting the use of horsetail as a diuretic. One poorly designed human trial found horsetail to effectively raise bone density equally to calcium supplements.

• In theory (based on mechanism of action), horsetail ingestion in large amounts may cause thiamine deficiency, hypokalemia (low potassium), or nicotine toxicity. Reported adverse effects include dermatitis.

Scientific Evidence

Tradition/Theory

The below uses are based on tradition or scientific theories. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious and should be evaluated by a qualified health care professional.

• Antibacterial, antioxidant, astringent, bedwetting, benign prostate hyperplasia (enlarged prostate), bladder disturbances, bleeding, brittle fingernails, cancer, cosmetic uses, cystic ulcers, diabetes, dropsy, dyspepsia, edema, fever, fluid in the lungs, frostbite, gonorrhea, gout, hair loss, hematuria (blood in the urine), hepatitis, itch, itching (chronic), kidney disease, kidney stones, leg swelling, liver protection, malaria, menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), menstrual pain, nosebleeds, prostate inflammation, styptic (to stop bleeding cuts on the skin), Reiter's syndrome, rheumatism, sedative, stomach upset, thyroid disorders, tuberculosis, urinary incontinence, urinary tract infection (UTI), urinary tract inflammation, urolithiasis (urinary tract stones), vaginal discharge, wound healing.

Dosing

The below doses are based on scientific research, publications, traditional use, or expert opinion. Many herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested, and safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients, even within the same brand. The below doses may not apply to all products. You should read product labels, and discuss doses with a qualified healthcare provider before starting therapy.

Adults (18 years and older)

• Most reported doses for horsetail are based on historical use or expert opinion. There is a lack of reliable studies available in humans that show horsetail to be effective or safe at any specific dose. Different doses of horsetail have been used, starting at 300-milligram capsules taken three times per day, up to 6 grams per day. A maximum of 6 cups of tea, containing 1.5 grams of dried stem in one cup of hot water, is a dose that has been used. A common dose for a tincture (1:1 in 25% alcohol) is 1 to 4 milliliters three times daily. To treat osteoporosis, a supplement containing 270 milligrams of Osteosil® calcium (a combination of horsetail and calcium) has been taken twice daily for one year. A wash prepared by mixing 10 teaspoons of horsetail in cold water and soaking for 10 to 12 hours has been applied on the skin.

Children (younger than 18 years)

• There is not enough scientific information to recommend the use of horsetail in children. Poisonings have been reported in children using horsetail stems as whistles.

Safety

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products, and effects may vary. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects.

Allergies

• People with allergies to Equisetum arvense, related substances, or to nicotine should avoid horsetail. Rash has been reported in a patient taking horsetail who was known to be sensitive to nicotine.

Side Effects and Warnings

• There are few scientific studies or reports of side effects with horsetail. It is more often used in Germany and Canada, where it is traditionally considered to be safe when taken in appropriate doses. Equisetum palustre (marsh horsetail) contains a poisonous ingredient and should be avoided. There are reports that some batches of Equisetum arvense (horsetail) have been contaminated with Equisetum palustre.

• Large doses of horsetail may cause symptoms of nicotine overdose, including fever, cold hands and feet, abnormal heart rate, difficulty walking, muscle weakness, and weight loss. People who smoke or who use nicotine patches or nicotine gum should avoid horsetail. Reports from animal studies and one report of a nicotine-allergic person describe a rash occurring after the use of white horsetail. Other reports from use in animals describe nausea, increased frequency of bowel movements, increased urination, loss of the body's potassium stores, and muscle weakness. People with kidney disorders should avoid horsetail.

• Studies in mice suggest that horsetail may change the activity of the kidneys, causing abnormal control of the amount of water and potassium release. Low potassium, which in theory may occur with horsetail, can have negative effects on the heart. Individuals who have heart rhythm disorders or who take digoxin should be cautious. Studies suggest that horsetail does not change blood pressure.

• Horsetail contains an ingredient that destroys thiamine (vitamin B1), which could lead to deficiency with long-term use. This may cause permanent damage to the brain and nervous system, including confusion, difficulty walking, difficulties with vision and eye movement, and memory loss. People who have thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency or poor nutrition should avoid horsetail, as it may affect levels of thiamine even more. Alcoholic or malnourished individuals are often thiamine deficient and this may be worsened by horsetail.

• Avoid use in children due to anecdotal reports of poisonings while using horsetail stems as whistles.

• Avoid use in patients taking antidiabetic agents, as a different horsetail species (Equisetum myriochaetum) has reportedly caused low blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetic patients. However, the effects of Equisetum arvense are unclear.

• Avoid use in patients with gout or in those taking antigout agents, as horsetail has been shown to increase the formation of uric acid crystals in the urine.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

• Horsetail is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding, since little information is available about its safety. Its potential to cause thiamine (vitamin B1) depletion, low potassium, and nicotine-like effects are of particular concern. Many tinctures contain high levels of alcohol and should be avoided during pregnancy.

Interactions

Most herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested for interactions with other herbs, supplements, drugs, or foods. The interactions listed below are based on reports in scientific publications, laboratory experiments, or traditional use. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy.

Interactions with Drugs

• Some diuretic drugs ("water pills") can cause the body to lose water and potassium, for example loop diuretics like furosemide (Lasix®). The use of horsetail with certain diuretics may cause dehydration or further potassium deficiency. Some steroids and laxative drugs can also lower potassium levels and should not be combined with horsetail. Individuals with heart rhythm disorders who are treated with digoxin (Lanoxin®) or digitoxin may be especially sensitive to low potassium levels, and potassium levels should be monitored in such individuals.

• Nicotine, a stimulant, may be found in horsetail. Because horsetail can stimulate the brain and nervous system, caution should be used when combining horsetail with stimulant drugs and nicotine.

• Horsetail may interact with antigout agents, as horsetail has been shown to increase the formation of uric acid crystals in the urine.

• Other horsetail species have caused low blood sugar and therefore horsetail may increase the effects of diabetes medications. However, clinical effects on diabetes therapies are unclear.

• Horsetail may have additive effects when taken with agents that treat osteoporosis, as horsetail may increase bone density. However, horsetail's anti-osteoporosis effects are not well established.

• Many tinctures contain high levels of alcohol and may cause nausea or vomiting when taken with metronidazole (Flagyl®) or disulfiram (Antabuse®).

Interactions with Herbs and Dietary Supplements

• Increased urine production, dehydration, or electrolyte imbalances may theoretically occur when horsetail is used with herbs that may increase urination. Dehydration or low potassium levels also may theoretically occur if horsetail is used with laxatives. Horsetail may also interact with herbs or supplements taken for gout or osteoporosis, although supportive evidence is currently lacking.

• In theory, low potassium levels caused by horsetail may be dangerous in people using herbs that have cardiac glycoside activity on the heart such as foxglove and oleander. Other potassium-depleting herbs, such as licorice, should also be avoided when taking horsetail.

• Horsetail may interact with stimulants and herbs and supplements with similar properties such as ephedra and licorice.

• Other horsetail species have caused low blood sugar and therefore horsetail may increase effects of diabetes medications. However, clinical effects on diabetes therapies are unclear.

• Horsetail may break down thiamin and may cause thiamine deficiency. Horsetail may also have additive effects in patients taking antioxidants.

Author Information

• This information is based on a systematic review of scientific literature edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).

References

Natural Standard developed the above evidence-based information based on a thorough systematic review of the available scientific articles. For comprehensive information about alternative and complementary therapies on the professional level, go to www.naturalstandard.com. Selected references are listed below.

1. Corletto F. [Female climacteric osteoporosis therapy with titrated horsetail (Equisetum arvense) extract plus calcium (osteosil calcium): randomized double blind study]. Miner Ortoped Traumatol 1999;50:201-206.

2. Dos Santos JG Jr, Blanco MM, Do Monte FH, et al. Sedative and anticonvulsant effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Equisetum arvense. Fitoterapia 2005 Sep;76(6):508-13. View Abstract

3. Fabre B, Geay B, Beaufils P. Thiaminase activity in Equisetum arvense and its extracts. Plant Med Phytother 1993;26:190-197.

4. Gibelli C. The hemostatic action of Equisetum. Arch Intern Pharmacodynam 1931;41:419-429.

5. Graefe EU, Veit M. Urinary metabolites of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in humans after application of a crude extract from Equisetum arvense. Phytomedicine 1999;6(4):239-246. View Abstract

6. Henderson JA, Evans EV, McIntosh RA. The antithiamine action of Equisetum. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 1952;120:375-378.

7. Joksic G, Stankovic M, Novak A. Antibacterial medicinal plants Equiseti herba and Ononidis radix modulate micronucleus formation in human lymphocytes in vitro. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2003;22(1):41-48. View Abstract

8. Katikova OI, Kostin I, Tishkin VS. [Hepatoprotective effect of plant preparations]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2002;65(1):41-43. View Abstract

9. Maeda H, Miyamoto K, Sano T. Occurrence of dermatitis in rats fed a cholesterol diet containing field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.). J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1997;43(5):553-563. View Abstract

10. Nitta A, Yoshida S, Tagaeto T. A comparative study of crude drugs in Southeast Asia. X. Crude drugs derived from Equisetum species. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1977;25(5):1135-1139. View Abstract

11. Oh H, Kim DH, Cho JH, et al. Hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging activities of phenolic petrosins and flavonoids isolated from Equisetum arvense. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;95(2-3):421-424. View Abstract

12. Perez Gutierrez RM, Laguna GY, Walkowski A. Diuretic activity of Mexican equisetum. J Ethnopharmacol 1985;14(2-3):269-272. View Abstract

13. Revilla MC, Andrade-Cetto A, Islas S, et al. Hypoglycemic effect of Equisetum myriochaetum aerial parts on type 2 diabetic patients. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;81(1):117-120. View Abstract

14. Sudan BJ. Seborrhoeic dermatitis induced by nicotine of horsetails (Equisetum arvense L.). Contact Dermatitis 1985;13(3):201-202. View Abstract

15. Tiktinskii OL, Bablumian IA. [Therapeutic action of Java tea and field horsetail in uric acid diathesis]. Urol Nefrol (Mosk) 1983;3(1):47-50. View Abstract