Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis is a type of treatment for kidney failure (also called end-stage kidney disease or ESRD). It uses a machine that holds a filter called a dialyzer. As blood flows through the dialyzer, waste is removed and fluid and chemicals are balanced. Hemodialysis treatments are usually done at a special dialysis center. In some cases, treatments may be done at home. As the kidney failure is getting worse, your doctor may advise you to have an access placed by a surgeon into one of your arms ahead of time. This access may take several weeks to mature before it can be used for hemodialysis.
How hemodialysis is done
Two needles are inserted into a blood vessel (called an arteriovenous fistula or AV fistula) or arteriovenous graft (or AV graft), usually in your arm. Each needle is attached to a tube. One tube carries your blood into the dialyzer, where it is cleaned. Clean blood returns to your body through a second tube and needle. If this treatment has to be done as an emergency, a plastic tube (catheter) is inserted into a large vein, typically in the neck or groin. This catheter helps carry blood to and from the dialysis machine.
Blood from your body enters the machine and flows past one side of a membrane.
The membrane is a barrier that keeps blood and dialysate from mixing, but lets waste through.
Dialysate is a special fluid that pulls waste from blood. It flows past the other side of the membrane.
Waste, extra fluid, and chemicals move through the membrane into the dialysate.
Clean, filtered blood goes back to your body.
Your experience
Hemodialysis usually takes about 3 to 5 hours. It is usually done 3 times a week.
You’ll have a regular schedule for your hemodialysis. Many centers have evening and weekend hours as well as weekday hours to help you continue working. Some centers also offer overnight treatments.
A trained nurse or technician connects you to the dialysis machine. He or she watches for problems and makes sure you are comfortable.
During treatment, only a small amount of blood (about 1 cup) is out of your body at any one time.
During your treatments, you may have a headache, muscle cramps, nausea and vomiting, chest and back pain, itching, and fever and chills. Make sure you tell your nurse or technician if you have any of these symptoms.
Some people are able to learn to use a dialysis at home. Home dialysis allows you to schedule treatments when it is most convenient. You may have more frequent treatments, but for shorter periods of time. You may also do overnight treatments.
Problems to watch for
Get immediate medical help or call your doctor, nurse or dialysis technician if you have any of these symptoms after treatment:
Chest pain
Bleeding from the needle site
Shortness of breath
Fever or chills
Headache or lightheadedness
Nausea or vomiting
Itching
Muscle cramps
Pain, warm or redness at your access site
Inability to feel your blood flow (called a thrill) in your AV fistula or graft
Updated:  
April 04, 2018
Sources:  
Acute complications during hemodialysis, Up To Date
Reviewed By:  
Holloway, Beth Greenblatt, RN, M.Ed.,Image reviewed by StayWell medical illustration team.,Latif, Walead, DO