Type 1 Diabetes and Your Child: Preventing Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Type 1 Diabetes and Your Child: Preventing Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes. It can lead to coma or death. A child with DKA has:
High blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
An imbalance of chemicals in the blood (metabolic acidosis)
High levels of ketones in the blood and urine
Ketones are the waste product when the body breaks down fat for energy. This happens when there isn't enough insulin and the body isn't able to use sugar (glucose). Ketones can build up in the blood and then in the urine. Ketosis is a warning sign of DKA.
DKA is more common in children with type 1 diabetes. But, it can also occur in children with type 2 diabetes. DKA is a medical emergency.
If your child has high ketones and symptoms of DKA described below, call 911 or take him or her to the hospital emergency department.
What are the causes of DKA?
The most common causes of DKA are:
Missing a dose of insulin
Illness (flu, cold, or infection)
An insulin pump that is not working properly
Insulin that has expired or has not been stored properly
What are the symptoms of DKA?
If your child has high ketones in the blood or urine and symptoms of DKA, call 911 or go to the hospital emergency department. Symptoms of DKA include:
Nausea
Vomiting
Fruity-smelling breath
Stomach cramps
Very dark urine or no urine in 6 hours
Fast breathing
Thirst or very dry mouth
Drowsiness, confusion, or unresponsiveness
When to check for ketones
Check for ketones in your child's urine or blood as instructed by their healthcare provider. In general, check for ketones when your child has any of the above symptoms, or when:
Your child's blood sugar is above 250 mg/dL for 2 tests in a row.
Your child is not feeling well, or has diarrhea or vomiting. When your child is ill, check for ketones every 4 to 6 hours or as directed by your child's healthcare provider.
Your child is planning to exercise and blood glucose is 250 mg/dL or more. If ketone levels are low, your child may start mild- to moderate-intensity exercise. Your child should not do intense exercise until blood sugar levels are below 250 mg/dL. Intense exercise may make blood sugar levels go higher.
How to check for ketones
Ask your child’s healthcare provider to show you how to check for ketones at home. Ketone testing is most often done with urine test strips. Some blood glucose meters may also be used to check for ketones in the blood. Ask your child's healthcare provider for more information.
For babies or toddlers. You can put a cotton ball in your child's diaper to absorb urine. Then put the moist cotton ball onto a test strip to check for ketones. Follow the directions on the test strip package.
For older children. Follow the directions on the test strip package.
Preventing DKA
DKA can usually be prevented. The best way to do this is to give your child insulin as directed. Be sure to follow your child’s treatment plan as given to you by the healthcare provider. When your child’s blood sugar is high, treat him or her right away. Remember that your child’s blood sugar can be harder to manage when he or she is sick. To be safe, check your child’s blood sugar more often when he or she is sick. Ask the healthcare provider for sick-day guidelines. This includes learning to adjust your child’s insulin dose safely. And always keep a “sick-day” box available. This box should include:
Ketone strips
Thermometer
Cans of soup
Crackers
Juice with or without sugar
Flavored gelatin with and without sugar
Frozen juice bars with and without sugar (in the freezer)
Be sure to check the expiration dates sick-day box items once a month. Replace items as needed.
Call your child’s healthcare provider
Contact your child's healthcare provider right away if:
You're not sure how much insulin to give when your child is sick.
Your child's blood sugar is higher than usual or over 250 mg/dL and doesn't go down after getting insulin.
Your child's blood sugar level is lower than usual or less than 70 mg/dL.
Your child's blood or urine has ketones.
If you test your child for ketones and think he or she has ketoacidosis, call 911 or take him or her to the hospital emergency department right away.
Resources
For more information about diabetes, visit these websites:
American Diabetes Association www.diabetes.org
Children with Diabetes www.childrenwithdiabetes.com
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation www.jdrf.org
American Association of Diabetes Educators www.aadenet.org
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists www.aace.com
National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
Updated:  
October 29, 2017
Sources:  
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2015, American Diabetes Association
Reviewed By:  
Adler, Liora C., MD,Image reviewed by StayWell art team.,Sather, Rita, RN,Turley, Raymond Kent, BSN, MSN, RN