Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Langerhans cell histiocytosis is also called histiocytosis X. It is a condition in which the level of a type of immune cell, called a Langerhans cell, is abnormally high. In the past, Langerhans cell histiocytosis has been considered to be a type of cancer or a condition similar to cancer. Researchers are now discovering that it is more likely tied to an autoimmune response and happens when the body's immune system attacks itself.
What is Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
Langerhans cell histiocytosis causes damage to tissues throughout the body. The excess Langerhans cells, which are a type of white blood cell, flow throughout the body. They build up in areas such as the skin, bones, bone marrow, lymph nodes, mouth, spleen, liver, lungs, pituitary gland, and central nervous system, creating tumors.
What are the symptoms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
The symptoms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis depend on where in the body the Langerhans cells build up. These are possible symptoms:
Pain in the belly or in the bones
Poor growth or failure to thrive
Irritability
Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes
Urinating often and having constant thirst (caused by diabetes insipidus)
Dark red or brown lesions on the skin, especially on the face, scalp, back, and groin
Bulging eyes
Persistent drainage from the ear
Headaches
Flaking skin on the scalp similar to cradle cap
Problems with the thyroid
Problems with balance, memory, or behavior
Swelling of the gums, mouth sores, and tooth loss
How is Langerhans cell histiocystosis diagnosed?
A healthcare provider may diagnose Langerhans cell histiocytosis through a combination of tests, including:
Complete physical exam
Discussion of symptoms or illnesses
Neurological exam to evaluate the spinal cord, brain, nerves, and mental functioning
A number of lab tests may also be performed to diagnose the condition. These include blood tests, urine tests, and a biopsy of the bone marrow. Imaging tests, including a bone scan, CT scan, MRI, ultrasound, and PET scan may also be performed.
How is Langerhans cell histiocytosis treated?
Treatment for Langerhans cell histiocytosis typically includes those designed to treat cancer:
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Surgery to remove abnormal tissues
Corticosteroid medicines
Photodynamic therapy
Some patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis may opt for "watchful waiting." This means the symptoms and progress of the condition are closely monitored but active treatment is postponed until there is a change in the condition.
When to seek medical care
Parents should monitor children carefully and look for any warning signs of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Bring up any concerns, growth problems, or unusual symptoms to your child's healthcare provider.
Can Langerhans cell histiocytosis be prevented?
Because the cause of Langerhans cell histiocytosis is unknown, there is no known way to prevent the condition. Having a family history of thyroid disease may increase the risk.
Some factors can increase a person's risk of developing the condition. People should limit their exposure to certain chemicals, including benzene.
What are the complications of Langerhans cell histiocytosis?
If untreated, Langerhans cell histiocytosis can cause damage to tissues and organs throughout the body. One example is pulmonary histiocytosis, in which the lungs are damaged. Damage to the body can be so severe that the condition becomes fatal. Other complications may include:
Pituitary gland problems
Growth problems (including delayed growth)
Anemia
Lung failure
Key points about Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare condition.
Early recognition of symptoms and prompt diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the risk for complications and slow the progression of the disease.
Clinical trials are being performed to find new, better ways to treat this condition.
Updated:  
March 31, 2017
Reviewed By:  
Berry, Judith, PhD, APRN,Blaivas, Allen J., DO