HEALTH INSIGHTS

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

By Rodriguez, Diana 
 | 
March 31, 2017

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is also called histiocytosis X. It is a condition in which the level of a type of immune cell, called a Langerhans cell, is abnormally high. In the past, Langerhans cell histiocytosis has been considered to be a type of cancer or a condition similar to cancer. Researchers are now discovering that it is more likely tied to an autoimmune response and happens when the body's immune system attacks itself.

What is Langerhans cell histiocytosis?

Langerhans cell histiocytosis causes damage to tissues throughout the body. The excess Langerhans cells, which are a type of white blood cell, flow throughout the body. They build up in areas such as the skin, bones, bone marrow, lymph nodes, mouth, spleen, liver, lungs, pituitary gland, and central nervous system, creating tumors.

Anatomy of  a bone, showing blood cells

What are the symptoms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis?

The symptoms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis depend on where in the body the Langerhans cells build up. These are possible symptoms:

  • Pain in the belly or in the bones

  • Poor growth or failure to thrive

  • Irritability

  • Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes

  • Urinating often and having constant thirst (caused by diabetes insipidus)

  • Dark red or brown lesions on the skin, especially on the face, scalp, back, and groin

  • Bulging eyes

  • Persistent drainage from the ear

  • Headaches

  • Flaking skin on the scalp similar to cradle cap

  • Problems with the thyroid

  • Problems with balance, memory, or behavior

  • Swelling of the gums, mouth sores, and tooth loss

How is Langerhans cell histiocystosis diagnosed?

A healthcare provider may diagnose Langerhans cell histiocytosis through a combination of tests, including:

  • Complete physical exam

  • Discussion of symptoms or illnesses

  • Neurological exam to evaluate the spinal cord, brain, nerves, and mental functioning

A number of lab tests may also be performed to diagnose the condition. These include blood tests, urine tests, and a biopsy of the bone marrow. Imaging tests, including a bone scan, CT scan, MRI, ultrasound, and PET scan may also be performed.

How is Langerhans cell histiocytosis treated?

Treatment for Langerhans cell histiocytosis typically includes those designed to treat cancer:

  • Chemotherapy

  • Radiation therapy

  • Surgery to remove abnormal tissues

  • Corticosteroid medicines

  • Photodynamic therapy

Some patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis may opt for "watchful waiting." This means the symptoms and progress of the condition are closely monitored but active treatment is postponed until there is a change in the condition.

When to seek medical care

Parents should monitor children carefully and look for any warning signs of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Bring up any concerns, growth problems, or unusual symptoms to your child's healthcare provider.

Can Langerhans cell histiocytosis be prevented?

Because the cause of Langerhans cell histiocytosis is unknown, there is no known way to prevent the condition. Having a family history of thyroid disease may increase the risk.

Some factors can increase a person's risk of developing the condition. People should limit their exposure to certain chemicals, including benzene.

What are the complications of Langerhans cell histiocytosis?

If untreated, Langerhans cell histiocytosis can cause damage to tissues and organs throughout the body. One example is pulmonary histiocytosis, in which the lungs are damaged. Damage to the body can be so severe that the condition becomes fatal. Other complications may include:

  • Pituitary gland problems

  • Growth problems (including delayed growth)

  • Anemia

  • Lung failure

Key points about Langerhans cell histiocytosis 

  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare condition.

  • Early recognition of symptoms and prompt diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the risk for complications and slow the progression of the disease.

  • Clinical trials are being performed to find new, better ways to treat this condition. 

Updated:  

March 31, 2017

Reviewed By:  

Berry, Judith, PhD, APRN,Blaivas, Allen J., DO